Vowels : –
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ㅏ
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ㅑ
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ㅓ
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ㅕ
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ㅗ
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“a”
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“ya”
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“eo”
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“yeo”
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“o”
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ㅛ
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ㅜ
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ㅠ
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ㅡ
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ㅣ
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“yo”
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“oo” or “u”
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“yoo” or “yu”
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“eu”
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“i”
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Consonants : –
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ㄱ
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ㄴ
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ㄷ
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ㄹ
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ㅁ
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“g” or “k”
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“n”
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“d” or “t”
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” r ” or ” l “
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“m”
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ㅂ
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ㅅ
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ㅇ
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ㅈ
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ㅊ
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“b” or “p”
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“s”
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–
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” ch “
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” ch’ “
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ㅋ
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ㅌ
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ㅍ
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ㅎ
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” g’ ” or ” k’ “
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” d’ “
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” p’ “
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” h “
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Note that “ ‘ ” means the letter is aspirated, i.e a sharp sound.
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ㅎ + | ㅏ + | ㄴ = | 한 |
han
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h | a | n | |||
ㄱ + | ㅜ + | ㄱ = | 국 |
guk
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g | u | k | 한국 pronounced HanGuk meaning Korea |
ㅐ | ㅒ | ㅔ | ㅖ | ㅘ | ㅙ | ㅝ | ㅞ | |
eir | yeir | ere | yere | wa | where | wo | weo | |
ㅟ | ㅢ | |||||||
weou | wei |
Use of Consonants (자음) and Vowels (모음)
가 = ka | 거 = keo | 겨 = kyeo |
갸 = kya | 기 = ki | 고 = ko |
바 = pa | 버 = peo | 부 = pu |
뵤 = pyo | 지 = chi | 저 = cheo |
즈 = chu | 조 = cho | 마 = ma |
머 = meo | 무 = mo | 나 = na |
너 = neo | 이 = i | 야 = ya |
디 = ti | 고 = ko | 댜 = tya |
요 = yo | 오 = o | 도 = to |
드 = tu | 두 = too | 그 = ku |
Korean Names
In general, Korean names consist of 3 syllables. Making Polite Sentences With verb stems which end in vowels such a ka-, ha- and sa- , it is possible to make these into polite sentences by adding -yo to the end of the words, such as Kayo ( which means “to go”, or “I go” or “he goes” ). Verbs in the polite style can be used as statements, questions, suggestions or commands, and may be further emphasised by the tone of your voice. For example, Chal Chinaessoyo may be both expressed as a question by asking how someone is, or can be a question stating that you are fine. Another example is the more common Annyong Haseyo. |
Korean Sentence Structure and Word order
In Korean the structure of sentence differ to English sentences, for example the phrase Chal Chinaessooyo literally means “Well have you been getting on?” which is the opposite from English.
In general the structure of the Korean sentences is broken down as subject – object – verb
“Jon the ball kicked”
“To Go” in order to do sentences
There are a few words that you may add to the end of verb stems at the end of sentences, these include -yo which makes sentences polite, and -ro which means “in order to”.
In some cases the verb stems may in effect end in consonants in which case -uro is utilised.
The order of the sentences for an example sentence of “in order to buy bread I am goin to the shops” is restructured as “bread buy-in order-to the shops go”
In Korean unlike English, the subject of the sentences is optional like “I”, then the “in order section” is next, which is then followed by “the place you are going”.
(In English) | I | go to the shops | in-order -to buy bread |
(in Korean) | I (optional) | bread buy – in-order to | shops to go |
The Konglish for this sentence in Korean would be na-do ppang sa-ro kayo (I-do bread buy-in order-to go).
* The construction can only be used in verbs involving ‘going’ and ‘coming’ and cannot be used with other verbs at the end of sentences.
There Are / There is
The Korean verb which means either “there are” and “there is” is issoyo ( 있 어요 )
They are dependent on the context in which you use them, and on what you are talking about. The stem of the verb is iss- with the inclusion of o and the polite particle -yo, thus forming the ending -oyo. However in the case where the verb stem ends in vowel, we use -a or -o, such as -ayo.
Vowel stem | – yo | ||
Consonant stem | – ayo | if the last vowel ends with -a or –o | |
Consonant Stem | – oyo |
In context the oppposite of iss- is ops- which literally means “there isnt” or “there arent”.
Uses of the verbs
chogi issoyo means “it exist over there”, or “its over there”
Issoyo on its own can mean “I have/he has”
Opsoyo means “I dont have” or “I havent got”
In a shop
When addressing a shop keeper or waiters, Koreans use ajossi literally meaning uncle, but is used as a general word when addressing someone in a shop.
However if it were to be used in a formal way, it is only for the referral of a man,
For females the word ajumma meaning aunt is used, for people over 35-ish, and for younger woman agassi is used for young women.
In Korean, we use a particle which comes after a noun that it relates to, such as na-do (me-too).
In English, it is the opposite, we would say ‘with-me’, whereas Korean is ‘me-with’.
Using ‘and’
In Korean, the word for and is -hago, this is a particle so when it is to be used it must be attached to a noun. For example, when you say ‘burger and chips’, in Korean it would be ‘burger-hago chips. The word hago becomes part of burger.
The particle hago can also mean with such as, Doojin-hago shinae-e kayo meaning ‘I am going to town with Doojin’.
Ordering with numbers
When asking for ‘one’ item we say ‘hana’ which is said after you have selected the meal you wish to order. For example we would say, soju hana chuseyo meaning “soju one give me please”.
The word chuseyo utilises the polite word stem -yo, attached to chu-, which means “give me please”
There Are / There is
The Korean verb which means either “there are” and “there is” is issoyo ( 있 어요 )
They are dependent on the context in which you use them, and on what you are talking about. The stem of the verb is iss- with the inclusion of o and the polite particle -yo, thus forming the ending -oyo. However in the case where the verb stem ends in vowel, we use -a or -o, such as -ayo.
Vowel stem | – yo | ||
Consonant stem | – ayo | if the last vowel ends with -a or –o | |
Consonant Stem | – oyo |
In context the oppposite of iss- is ops- which literally means “there isnt” or “there arent”.
Uses of the verbs
chogi issoyo means “it exist over there”, or “its over there”
Issoyo on its own can mean “I have/he has”
Opsoyo means “I dont have” or “I havent got”
In a shop
When addressing a shop keeper or waiters, Koreans use ajossi literally meaning uncle, but is used as a general word when addressing someone in a shop.
However if it were to be used in a formal way, it is only for the referral of a man,
For females the word ajumma meaning aunt is used, for people over 35-ish, and for younger woman agassi is used for young women.
In Korean, we use a particle which comes after a noun that it relates to, such as na-do (me-too).
In English, it is the opposite, we would say ‘with-me’, whereas Korean is ‘me-with’.
Using ‘and’
In Korean, the word for and is -hago, this is a particle so when it is to be used it must be attached to a noun. For example, when you say ‘burger and chips’, in Korean it would be ‘burger-hago chips. The word hago becomes part of burger.
The particle hago can also mean with such as, Doojin-hago shinae-e kayo meaning ‘I am going to town with Doojin’.
Ordering with numbers
When asking for ‘one’ item we say ‘hana’ which is said after you have selected the meal you wish to order. For example we would say, soju hana chuseyo meaning “soju one give me please”.
The word chuseyo utilises the polite word stem -yo, attached to chu-, which means “give me please”
In Korean, when you want to address men politely, one would use the word songsaegnim attached to their surname or full name, this literally means teacher. For example, one would say Yoo Songsaegnim or with the full name Yoo SangHyun Songsaegnim. It is not possible to a Korean persons first name, such like SangHyun Songsaegnim. For that same reason, when you use the ssi, you cannot say Yoo-ssi, or Yoo SangHyun-ssi, but would rather say SangHyun-ssi.
Addressing Korean women, in Korea women do not take their husbands surname when they get married.
Using Copula to describe “this is that”In Korean, if you want to describe A is B , you will have to use special verbs called copula. In Korea, this copula is present at the end of a sentence, and behaves a little differently to ordinary verbs. If you want to say A is B(like “This is a Korean book”):- A B-ieyo (or B-eyo) It is obvious that you would use -eyo when B ends in a vowel, but -ieyo when B ends on a consonant. songsaengnim-ieyo (is teacher) IMPORTANT to note that in Korean the copula is only used to describe when this “is equivalent to”.
Describing how things areKorean possess words which mean “is a certain way”. Kuraeyo literally means “it is like that”, and may be used as a statement such as “it’s like that”, “thats right”, “it is”. -hamnida and -jimanIn Korean, it is possible to add polite endings to verbs, for example, shillye hamnida (excuse me), which is comprised of the verb stem shille ha-, and the verb ending hamnida (note this is the formal style).
Asking a personIn Korean, there is a special verb which may be used in the event where you want to ask someone if they are someone…..for example “Are you Mr Han”.
Subjects and topics of Korean sentencesIn Korean, we attach -i to the end of nouns which end with consonants, or attach -ga to the end of nouns which end in a vowel. By doing this, it is possible to give emphasis, on subjects in sentences. For a sentence , “The man kissed the dog”, the subject in this case would be The man. On the other hand, when a subject is mentioned for the first time, the subject particle is used, but later on in a conversation, this is switched back to the topic particle. Negative CopulaIn Korean, when you are trying to say something is not something else, we use the negative copula anieyo. For instance, When saying ‘A is not B’, we would say :- cho-nun songsaengnim-i anieyo ( I am not a teacher ).
Answering questions with Yes and No in KoreanThis is a tricky aspect of the Korean language, it is quite different to how we would speak in English. As you can see…it can be confusing at first, so you will need to think carefully.
Where is it?When asking where something is in Korean, you would say (X-subject) odieyo? When answering a Where is question, you must always use issoyo as a verb such that:-
Using Korean sentences with but….We have previously seen that shillye hamnida and the equivalent shillye-jiman mean “Excuse me,but” or “I’m Sorry, but….” .
Note that for the word iss-jiman the double ss is re-written to itjiman
Using polite requestsIn Korean, the word chom is used to mean “please”, however do not mistake it to mean the same as the English word for please for all occurances. For instance, when you use chom in a request immediately before the verb at the end of the sentence, it takes on the effect of please. In Korean there are two sets of numbers which are used when counting, the first set are known as pure Korean numbers, and the other are Sino-korean which is based on the chinese numerals.
Making requests more politeThe polite honorific -seyo can be used to make requests more polite, -seyo is used when the verb stem ends in in a vowel, and -useyo is used when the verb stem ends in a consonant. Examples of these are:- If you want to request someone to wait for you, you would say kidariseyo (Please wait !!).
What you want to do ?Koreans use -ko ship’oyo which literally means want to, and this can be added to a verb stem.
Making SuggestionsWhen making suggestions, Koreans use -(u)pshida ( literally means lets do), as you may have guessed, -pshida is attached onto verb stems ending in a vowel, and -upshida is attached to verbstems ending in a consonant. Grammar 1 이/가 [Lesson Created By KkOmA]주격 조사. 명사 뒤에 봍어서 주어를 나타내는 조사로는 ‘-께서, -(에)서’ 등이더 있다. 1. “-이” –> 선행 명사가 자음으로 끝날 때 보기~ 1. 책상: 책상 + 이 –> 책상이 참고 ‘나, 너, 저, 누구’ 뒤에 붙으면 ‘내가, 네가, 제가, 누가’로 된다. 예문~ .연필이 있습니다. There is a pencil.
Grammar 2 을/를조사. 명사에 붙어서 동사의 ‘목적어’를 나타낸다. 1. “-을” –> 자음으로 끝나는 명사일 때: When the noun ends in a consonant.. add 을 보기~ 1. 책: 책 + 을 –> 책을 참고~ 구어에서는 생략되거나 모음 뒤에서 ‘-ㄹ’만으로 줄여 쓰기도 한다. 예문~ . 신문을 봅니다. I read a newspaper. Rules: Grammar 3 도 [Lesson Created By KkOmA] 조사. ‘또, 또한, 역시’의 의미를 나타내는 보조사, ‘-에게도, -와/과도’ 처럼 다른 조사 뒤에 붙기도 한다. 보기~ 예문~ Grammar 4 은/는 조사. 명사나 부사, 다른 조사나 어미에 붙어서 문장의 주제임을 나타내거나 ‘대조’, ‘강조’의 뜻으로 쓴다. 1. “은” —-> 자음으로 끝나는 명사일 때: When the noun ends in a consonant, add “은” 보기~ 예문~ Grammar 5 에 [Lesson Created By KkOmA] 위치격 조사. 장소나 시간 명사 뒤에 쓴다. ‘위치’나 ‘방향’, ‘때’를 나타낸다. 보기~ 예문~ Grammar 6 에 셈을 세는 단위 명사와 결합하여 단위나 셈의 ‘기준’을 나타낸다. 보기~ 예문~ Relative Titles – 친척과 관계된 호칭 Older Woman – 아주머니 – ajumni (aunt) [Polite] Older Woman – 아줌마 – ajumma (auntie) [Less Polite] Older Man – 아저씨 – ajussi (Uncle) Elderly Woman – 할머니 – hal muh ni (Grandmother) [Polite] Elderly Man – 할아버지 – hara buh ji (Grandpa) [Less Polite] Father – 아버지 – ah buh ji Father in law – 시아버지 – shi ah buh ji Father in law – 장인어른 – jang in uh reun Dad – 아빠 – appa [Informal] Mum – 엄마 – umma Mother – 어머니 – uh muh ni Mother in law – 시어머니 – shi uh muh ni Mother in law – 장모님 – jang mo nim Siblings – 손위 형제 자매 Older Sister – 언니 – unni (If the speaker is female) Older Brother – 오빠 – oppa (If the speaker is female) Older Sister – 누나 – nuna (If the speaker is male) Older Brother – 형 – hyung (If the speaker is male) Younger Sibling – 동생 – dong saeng (Regardless of speaker’s gender) Lesson Created By KkOmA
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